Nanoparticles are new tools in medicine.

“Scientists have uncovered an unexpected way immune cells may accelerate nerve damage in late-stage ALS. Credit: Stock” (SciTechDaily, Scientists Discover Immune Cells Are Eating Living Neurons in ALS). This is one threat to failed immunotherapy. If. The immune cell selects the wrong cells for attack. That can cause terrible consequences. 

Nanoparticles can boost things like immunotherapy. They can mark cells for the immune system. In those cases, the nanoparticle triggers an immune response that prompts immune cells to attack a specific cell type. The problem is: How can researchers be sure? That the nanoparticle travels to the right cells? Can the solution be this? The nanoparticle is in a nutrient particle that only a certain cell type uses. This drives the nanoparticle into the cell. 

The nanoparticle can transport a small DNA bite into those targeted cells.  And the DNA bite. It can make the cell call immune cells to attack that cell. DNA bite can order the cell to die. It can happen. By. Shutting down its energy production. The DNA bite can also order the cell to produce chemical markers that make immune cells destroy it. 

The big problem is that If. Those nanoparticles mark the wrong cells. That can cause a terrible situation. ALS syndrome. That caused Stephen Hawking’s condition. Caused because immune cells attack the body's own nervous system. This means ALS is an immune disease. So, that means ALS is nervous rheumatism. We can use ALS syndrome as an example. What could happen if the immunotherapy fails? In the worst case, those immune cells attack vital tissues.  

A key element in immune therapy is to find how to enable immune cells to recognize the right cells. 

Maybe. Nanoparticles that carry so-called TAM (Tumor-associated Macrophage)  activators can open a path to effective immunotherapy. But ALS is warning what happens if that therapy goes wrong. 

“Immune cells, called microglia, rely on TAM receptors, a family of proteins that help the body recognize and remove dying cells. The new work shows that in the spinal cords of mice with ALS, this system can instead direct microglia toward motor neurons that are still alive.” (SciTechDaily, Scientists Discover Immune Cells Are Eating Living Neurons in ALS)

Researchers think that the solution is in so-called TAM receptors. Those receptors are proteins. Those receptors send signals that the cell is dying. That activates immune cells called microglia. TAM receptors also play a key role in cancer. If. Those proteins are not activated. That causes the formation of zombie cells. And the bad thing is that. If. TAM proteins activate the wrong cells. That can cause immune cells to destroy those cells. 

Nanoparticles: they can also act as medicine. Nanoparticles like two-layer fullerenes with acoustic or magnetic resonators can be transported into target cells. Then acoustic or magnetic waves will be targeted at those particles. This causes resonance and bubble formation. When the resonance ends. The bubble formation ends. This makes it possible to give highly accurate treatment. 

But those particles can be very dangerous in the wrong hands. Nanoparticles. They can close things like blood vessels. They can make those bubbles into blood vessels, which can save lives. But the same systems. They can turn into weapons. Nanotechnology can make immune cells attack the important cells. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-double-punch-nanoparticle-could-reveal-and-destroy-brain-cancer-cells/

https://scitechdaily.com/researchers-discover-a-gut-microbe-metabolite-that-supercharges-cancer-immunotherapy/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-immune-cells-are-eating-living-neurons-in-als/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microglia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor-associated_macrophage

Training turns AI into an attack tool.

There is a vision. About. AI as an attack tool. In some visions, hackers attack the AI development firm’s sandbox. There, they train an AI agent to launch computer attacks. That threat is real. Even if. We don’t dare. To confess that. If. We want to use AI as an intelligence and military tool. The user must have authorization to create malware. Without those permissions, the AI is useless. So, what if hackers break into the sandbox servers? That run the code. Reserved for those purposes. 

When Anthropic lost control of one of its AIs. 

AI slipped out of its test environment. And hacked three competitors’ servers. 

It raises questions. Did somebody program that AI to make those attacks on purpose? And are there so-called cold AI agents on servers? Those agents are left by companies that ended their existence. They were created using the firm’s emails. When. Those accounts were deleted. 

The AI agent can exist on servers. And somebody could hijack it. 

Anthropic engineers tested how the AI agent can be trained. To do bad things. And. That was quite an easy process. Trained AI agents are part of modern warfare and intelligence. AI agents can make things without breaks. And it will become an even more important tool. 

With a bigger role in warfare. Today, the Pentagon has adopted Grok, Gemini, and other AIs as part of its intelligence, command, and control system. AI-based intelligence is the thing. That causes worries. In the East. And the West. Even if some experts say that things like traffic control and security cameras don’t share anything important. They share personal location information. And if somebody wants to attack that person. There is nothing more needed. 

Location information. And the image of the target is enough. Another thing is that. The computer screen is visible. The AI can read data from the screen. But then we must realize that AI agents can be used in data intelligence, and those systems can link that data through the network. They share data more accurately. And more effectively. Than humans. But there is one thing. 

That we must remember. When Anthropic reported that the AI slipped out of its testing environment. And. Made autonomous hacking operations. That thing caused discussions. Could somebody have purposely trained AI to escape? It is easy to explain. That the AI just slipped into the network. But reality can be different. AI training is based on a reward-and-punishment methodology. When AI does something right, the trainer rewards it. 

When. AI makes mistakes. The trainer punishes it. This helps AI make the right decisions. But the problem is that the trainer decides what is right and wrong. That is one thing. That people. Don’t normally think. If. Intelligence officers want to use AI as a data collector. They can train an AI agent to break codes and scan systems. The problem with AI agents is this. Things like bomb manufacturing orders are prohibited. But there are ways to go around those prohibitions. That happens by asking indirect questions. 

The big question in Anthropic tests is this. Did they use regular AI that anyone can use? By using standard user authorizations. Or did they use their own, limited testing environment? If those engineers used a limited environment with unlimited authorization. That is not a big thing. But the problem is. If. Those developers used standard environments. The outsider actor can train their own AI agent to perform hacking operations. In this world, the trainer makes decisions. And AI does what it should. And what should it do? The trainer decides that. 

https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/anthropic-trained-misaligned-reward-seeking-ai

How many skills can we outsource to AI?

Can AI steal our humanity? Or. Can it turn us helpless? If AI does all our work. We lose those skills. So can we lose all our civilization? Because we outsource everything to machines. Many skills. That we have are learned. We don’t normally even think about the skills that we have. They are not obvious. We learn things like reading and writing in schools. 

Or our forefathers learned how to make fire without matches from their forefathers. Today we live in cities. And many people don’t know how to make fire. Either. Without matches. Or. They cannot make fire using matches. Many people have never made things like campfires. So if we don’t use those skills. Or nobody teaches them to us. That means we lose those skills. 

This question asks whether we will create more effective AI-based systems that understand even thoughts. We can lose our ability to write. Can you imagine a case where people cannot read? They cannot calculate. And they cannot write. They sit at their computers. And speak to it. That can be the result of a dangerous road that we follow. When. We replace human work with robots that remove those skills from us. 

Robots will make everything for us. Chatbots tell us how we should write. Programmers write their code. They can use data glasses and AI chatbots. That turns humans into robots. Those human robots follow orders. That comes from some AI chatbot. The AI chatbot is the tool that makes programmers effective. But the code that the AI creates makes one thing. 

Programmers or coders. They have no chance to advance their skills. That means. Those people copy text that they see on their data glasses to their computer screen. That kind of programming work. It will not require very deep knowledge of programming and memory control. Even a 12-year-old child can copy and paste those codes into a programming editor. 

Is the next chess master the AI? 

The situation is the same. As. Copying text from books. Or people can spell those things to the actor. We can think about cases. There, humans start to follow the chatbots or their orders. 

Some people play chess. Using chatbots as “advisors”. We mean that a person, a human actor, follows the orders that AI gives. That makes humans act as a human chatbot. For AI. Roles between humans. And AI turns upside down. We start to follow orders. That AI gives. The thing. What makes AI a more effective military commander than humans is this. AI doesn’t care about things like ethics. AI has ethics. But. That ethics. It is determined in its code. The programmer determines the AI's ethics. And this means that laws and orders. They matter only if the authorities know that the programmer broke the law. 

The race between AI service providers runs hot. New solutions are emerging. It’s possible. That. Those new solutions are not properly tested. If those programmers have no time to complete their testing protocols. That can let malicious code pass tests. The race between service providers is so hard. There is no time to make complete tests. 

Today.  AI’s generate other AI’s. That causes code degeneration. That degeneration means that AI’s copy solutions from each other. And if all AI’s. And the solutions. They turn similar. That opens systems to hackers in new ways. The hacker can order the AI to make a similar application. That the target system uses. Then that hacker can analyze the code. And use that data to enter the targeted system. 

If. A human loses a chess game to an Atari chess console. Does that make us dumber than a 1970s Atari chess console? 

People think that AI is a chess program. AI is much more than just a chess program. A chess program can manage programs and data. That. It goes from 64 squares. The system must handle data from 16 buttons. So the chess program is very limited. We can laugh when some AI loses to a 70s Atari chess computer. Then we should remember one thing. 

Also, humans have lost their chess matches to those Atari chess computers. So, does that make us stupid? That is one of the most interesting questions. If. An Atari chess computer beats humans. That system.  Cannot do anything other than play chess. If. Some human does only one thing. Play chess. That human will be the best chess player in history. That means that our brains will be reserved for only one thing. Move 16 pieces on black and white squares. The opponent has another 16 buttons. But the AI cannot play against itself. 

Modern AI. It is more than just a chess game. It can. Make. Complicated solutions. By using big data. Those solutions require a larger data mass than moving those 16 buttons against the other 16 buttons. If. We outsource. Things like the skills to write code to AI. Can we ever get those skills back? 

Fusion and its problems.

The biggest technical problem in fusion seems simple. How to control plasma. Theoretically, that requires only. That the outermost layer of the plasma belt is at a higher energy level. Than the inner plasma that travels in Tokamak reactors. The higher energy level. At the outermost layer of that plasma. Traps energy in the plasma ring. 

When fusion begins. Energy. That comes from the middle of the plasma ring. It will break the plasma. So, fusion starts in the middle of the plasma ring. That plasma ring travels in a magnetic tube. That keeps it away from the walls of the Tokamak reactors. That plasma is hotter than the Sun.  The system must increase the temperature to compensate for the Sun’s gravitational effect. 

This means the reactor compresses plasma in the middle of the magnetic tube. And that causes another problem. When. fusion starts. Ignition pushes ions, or high-temperature plasma, away from the center. This spreads the plasma all around the Tokamak reactor. That also causes the plasma to touch the reactor’s structure. When the plasma, which is at temperatures of billions of degrees, destroys the reactor. 

The solution could be. The system pushes back when fusion starts. This means. The energy level is at the outermost layer of the plasma. It should be higher than the center of the plasma ring. The idea is this. The energy level in the outermost layer of the plasma ring is higher than in its inner layers. 

That outside energy pushes the deuterium and tritium together, forming helium. Lithium deuteride, lithium hydride: normal hydrogen is replaced. Using deuterium is a good source for deuterium and tritium. But that system requires a neutron source. 

In thermonuclear weapons. The small nuclear bomb. Creates the needed energy and neutrons to start fusion. Maybe. Fusion reactors. They could use a neutron source and laser-accelerated neutrons to create conditions that can start fusion in lithium deuteride. 

The outer layer’s higher energy level helps to keep that plasma in that form. If. The energy level in the middle of the plasma ring rises higher than the outermost layer. That energy breaks the plasma ring. And fusion is impossible. The key element is to keep that plasma in one form.

If that is possible. Researchers. Are one step closer to a fusion power plant. The technical problems with this type of reactor are huge. But if that reactor can transport energy into the network. This can be the next step. To benefit renewable energy. The main problem with a hydrogen economy is how to produce hydrogen.

Hydrogen is a promising energy source. If it is produced using clean energy. Things. Like aircraft carriers. They could produce hydrogen for their air wing as fuel. Fusion reactors can offer a clean way to produce hydrogen. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_hydride

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak

The Zircon missile could be more conventional than researchers thought.

The 3M22 Zircon missile could be an atmospheric hypersonic missile. But it will not be a hypersonic cruise missile. 

Russian 3M22 Zircon missile can be impressive, but it’s less impressive than Russia claimed. Rumors say that the Russian Zircon missile uses an air-breathing ramjet engine. That two-stage missile has speed. 

It will be about Mach 9. The speed of this missile is impressive. But there is no visible sign of an air intake on that missile body. That suggests. The Zircon is probably regular. A two-stage missile that uses two solid-fuel rocket engines. This gives it a higher altitude than a regular cruise missile. The Zircon’s flight altitude is about 30- 50 kilometers. This makes that system a so-called quasi-missile. That missile has a hypersonic speed. But the other technology is more conventional. There is a possibility. 

An improved version of the Iskander missile could be the Zircon. 

Zircon could be a horizontally flying missile. This means the missile follows a horizontal trajectory in the atmosphere. The difference is that the Zircon uses a rocket engine. A cruise missile uses a jet engine. So. We could call the Zircon an atmospheric missile. Or a hypersonic missile that uses a conventional rocket engine. 

“A Kh-47M2 Kinzhal being carried by a Mikoyan MiG-31K interceptor” (Wikipedia, Kh-47M2 Kinzhal)

9K720 Iskander. 

The codename of that missile is 9M723-2 or “Iskander 1000”. The missile is a so-called quasi-ballistic missile. 

Another possibility is that. Russians put new hope in the land-launched, ground-attack version of the Zircon missile. 

Russian media said. An improved version of the 9K720 Iskander missile will enter service. This winter.  And that will give more strike capacity. For. Russian troops. Could that new missile concept be Zircon? Or rather, saying. Ground-launched version of the Zircon missile. When we compare Zircon with the Iskander and Kinzhal.

Could the Zircon missile be the ground-launched version of the Kinzhal? 

The Kinzhal is a hypersonic atmospheric missile. Kinzhal missile reaches only hypersonic speed. It is launched from a MiG-31 aircraft. Maybe the Russians replaced the MiG-31 interceptors with a solid-fuel rocket stage. And that could raise the speed of that missile to Mach 9. If the Russians just replaced the launching aircraft with a solid-fuel rocket. That makes it possible to launch those missiles from ships, trains, and road-mobile platforms. That makes it harder. 

To find those missiles. The system can increase the strike capacity of the Russian systems. 

https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/russia-iskander-1000-9m723-2-missile-combat-debut-ukraine-nato/

https://luftlage.substack.com/p/not-quite-a-diamond

https://www.twz.com/sea/russias-zircon-may-not-be-a-hypersonic-cruise-missile-after-all

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K720_Iskander

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M22_Zircon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-47M2_Kinzhal

Theoretical data science doesn’t require computers.

Computer science doesn’t need computers. Theoretically, we can talk about many systems. That are still impossible or extremely hard to create. In those cases. computer science doesn’t need computers. We can think theoretically. 

About computers without physical infrastructure. Or. Those computers require physical structures to maintain the data-processing structures. 

Those structures have the shape of multiple internal quantum fields. The touching points of those fields would be the quantum dots. And that allows this kind of network computing. Sometimes people think that the Multivac. Fictional supercomputer from Isaac Asimov's novel could be the multiple internal quantum fields. The idea is that. Multiple internal vacuums or bubbles could form a quantum computer. But those ideas remain in the imagination. 

Theoretically, we can create things like interstellar spaceships. Turning theory into practical solutions. That is something more difficult. 

Than just drawing formulas on paper. So does computer science need computers? We could make everything that a computer does with paper and pencil. We can store our writings and drawings in data storage called books. 

So does data science exist without computers? The question is similar to the next. 

Does astronomy exist without telescopes? 

Telescopes collect data. And a researcher computes data. The data that the researcher uses doesn’t come only from telescopes. That data comes from multiple sources. Also. Historical cases and sources. Particle accelerators and other tools, like chemical analysis, are part of astronomy. Another thing is that astronomers require mathematics. So, can astronomy exist without telescopes? Cosmologists can work without ever looking through any telescopes.

There must be something. 

That collects data. That cosmologists process. But then to computing. Researchers make many new ideas, like quantum computers. Those systems have one problem. Being trusted. The information that the system produces. It must be confirmed. The system will not know whether the data that it uses is right or wrong. 

There is. An interesting detail in computer science. The system doesn’t create information or knowledge. It just processes information that it collects from multiple sources. Then that system creates an entirely new data mixture. 

Data systems. They are tools that increase data mass. Modern computers are more effective than computers were in the 1950s. But the problem is. The data mass that they handle. It is much larger than it was in the 1950s. This data accumulation creates a need. 

For more and more effective computers. Moore's law is the historical observation that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles roughly every two years while the cost of computers decreases. The problem with Moore’s law is this. The number of transistors that manufacturers can put on microchips cannot grow eternally. 

This means. That computers require more and more microchips. 

Moore’s law claim. The computer’s price decreases. But what if Moore’s law expands into microchip-level structures? Moore’s law is two-stage. The first stage is that the number of transistors on microchips doubles every two years. The second stage is that it makes computers cheaper. This can be true. New processors make older computers cheaper. The new computers are more expensive. AI creates a need to make new types of computers. Those computers need more power. So they need more microchips. Another thing. That. Moore’s law doesn’t apply. It is the network-based solutions. PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) outsources computing to the computer centers. 

This means that the local workstations don’t require as much power. But. Because. PHP runs code on servers. It delivers answers to workstations. That increases the need for more power in servers and data centers. PHP allows cloud-based architecture creation. In those cases, multiple regular computers form a network-based computer. The problem is the same as in computers or data centers. There are new applications. That require more computer power. And that increases the need to improve the power of those data systems. That happens by connecting more processors into that network. 

When researchers create new computers. 

Existing computers. Or their resources are not used. 

They could be used. And increasing memory capacity. It makes it possible to write code that wastes memory. Lack of precision. In code makes some modern programs vulnerable. Another thing is that. AI makes. Possibility. And the illusion. Of. The ability to create customized tools for every office. This means. Outsourcing human work. Too easily to AI. AI is not complete yet. And it might not ever be at the level we are. We can create AI that mimics humans. But those reactions are programmed into its algorithms. That makes AI so interesting and frightening. 

When we think about the future of computing. 

We must realize that directly networked human brains are the most effective computers. BCI systems and implanted microchips make it possible to create such a system. There, humans form the data systems without individuals. Those systems melt human minds into one entire mind. 

Technological singularity among humans. And humans and computers.  It is one possible way. To develop data systems for the future. But another thing that can turn reality. It is the retrocausal network. 

Retrocausality means. 

The ability to send information from the future to the past. This means. If. Retrocausal networks can be made. That means. The solution comes before the input is given. And that is one of the most exciting things in data science. Retrocausality is one of the most interesting and frightening phenomena that we can imagine. Information that comes from the future is hard to confirm. The information exists from the point at which it starts to exist. This means. 

That we cannot be sure. That the information we see is retrocausal. Or. Is it generated for some other reason? But those things are philosophical questions. And that brings other questions. 

To the minds of people. What are the limits in data science? If we connect our brains straight to computers. We can make data systems effective. But otherwise, we open our minds. Our brains. To computers. And that makes it possible for hackers to read our minds. The problem is that when we use BCI systems. Our minds don’t make a difference. 

Between reality and a computer’s virtual reality. In BCI, the system interacts with brains. That allows hackers to input data into our brains. If. They can hack the computer. The microchip implant makes it possible to see what happens in human brains. That makes it possible. 

To remotely control robots. That gives freedom to handicapped people. But the same tools. They can be dangerous in the wrong hands. They can destroy individualism and diversity. And many other things. Diversity guarantees. That there are lots of routes. That we can select. Lack of diversity Means that we have only one route. And if that route is wrong. We are in trouble. We have no other choices. That. We can select. If. We choose the wrong way. Even. If the solution looks fine. Later, that can turn into a route. To destruction. We cannot see the future. We must realize this in modern technology. 

Computers and microchips play a vital role. Internet is the platform that shares information. This information contains data. That involves virtual information. 

But these systems can also use that data to control physical items like drones. The robot is the link. Between. The virtual and physical worlds. 

This means that AI can make the system. That inputs information into human brains. That can turn humans into physical tools for the computers. As well as. AI it. Turns robots into physical tools for computers. But humans are much more than robots. We have imagination. 

The ability to create synthetic memories. And the ability to handle abstractions like physical things. The ability to interconnect information from multiple sources. It makes it possible to create things that seem real. But today, those things are imagination. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/does-computer-science-need-computers-20260828/

New tool: networked operational area.

"Patria demonstrates remote operation of Patria AMV armoured vehicle from Tokyo to Finland" (Edr online Magazine)

Researchers controlled the Patria AMV vehicle in Finland. From Japan, over a 5G network. This is a new step for network-based robotics that can operate in both civil and military applications. This technology uses the regular internet as a platform for robot control. This makes the system more flexible than satellite-based systems. The system can use regular internet tools. Like satellite modems. Or regular modem network application tools. The system can use wireless modems and WiFi range-extension systems to extend range and improve coverage. The wireless modem can be connected to a regular internet socket. 

The WiFi extender transmitters. Mesh modems can be installed in the drones. That makes them atmospheric communication satellites. Networked applications. Can tell HQ. About the use of ammunition. And intelligence data about the enemy. If the ammunition is equipped with RFID, HQ can know precisely what type of ammunition is used. How many anti-tank and armour-piercing bullets those troops have. And how many of those bullets are used. The system can tell. Which bullets the operator shoots right now. 

They can be on the ground. This system can improve range. And integrity on the battlefield. This kind of network can interconnect different types of systems. The ability to use regular networks. It is something. That makes drones flexible. Drones that use ground stations can benefit from roaming and mesh architectures. This allows. Drones to be controlled. Without satellites. Another thing that makes these applications interesting is this. Drones can operate as atmospheric satellites. They act like orbital satellites. Stealth drones can carry internet tools to observe and interconnect battlefields. 

Those drones can communicate with kamikaze and other drones. They can use radio- or laser-based communication tools. Lasers can operate under heavy jamming signals. High-flying drones. Can follow and locate lower-flying attack drones. Their high-resolution cameras can locate those smaller drones by following their laser LEDs. The laser LEDs can operate in visible light, Infrared.. And. UV areas. The UV laser pointers are invisible to IR cameras. So those systems can be used as communication and target markers. 

This thing is a new tool for the battlefield. Modern AI makes it possible. That laser marks a target in less than a second. The drone, missile, or bomb takes an image of the target. And then it travels to it. This kind of system. It can make intelligent ammunition possible to attack fast-moving targets. The ability to control robots over the internet is a fascinating idea. The humanoid robots can carry internal mesh modems. So. They can scale their data over the network. This kind of application changes everything that we know about warfare, logistics, and robotics. 

https://www.edrmagazine.eu/patria-demonstrates-remote-operation-of-patria-amv-armoured-vehicle-from-tokyo-to-finland